01 · Legal terms, water & utensils02 · Istinja & wudu lists03 · Khuffayn, bandages & ghusl04 · Hayd & special rulings
Lesson 1 — Legal terms, water & utensilsopen lesson →
Cold-recall tables. Fiqh papers reward the lists exactly — drill these until the rows come without the page.
What is Fiqh?
| Concept | Recall |
|---|---|
| Fiqh الفِقْه | Linguistic = understanding · technical = knowledge of the sharʿī rulings of the mukallaf, from their detailed evidence |
| The 4 sources | Qurʾān القُرْآن · Sunnah السُّنَّة · Ijmāʿ الإِجْمَاع (consensus) · Qiyās القِيَاس (analogy) |
Legal-term ladder
| Term | Arabic | One-line | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Farḍ | الفرض | Must do; punished if left | 5 daily prayers |
| Wājib | الواجب | = Farḍ in Shāfiʿī except in Ḥajj (miss → dam) | Throwing the stones |
| Farḍ ʿAyn | فرض العين | On every individual | Ramaḍān fasting |
| Farḍ Kifāyah | فرض الكفاية | Some do it → lifts from all; none → all sin | Burying the dead |
| Rukn | الركن | Part inside the act | Al-Fātiḥah, sujūd |
| Sharṭ | الشرط | Required before/outside the act | Wudū, qiblah |
| Mandūb | المندوب | Reward if done, none if left (= Sunnah/Nafl) | Tahajjud, 6 of Shawwāl |
| Ḥarām | الحرام | Punished if done | Ribā, killing |
| Makrūh | المكروه | Taḥrīmī (close to ḥarām) / Tanzīhī (no sin) | Prayer at sunset / Fri-only fast |
| Adāʾ / Qaḍāʾ / Iʿādah | الأداء / القضاء / الإعادة | On-time / make-up / repeat-for-reward | Dhuhr in time / missed fast / repeat in jamāʿah |
The four waters
| # | Type | Arabic | Key fact | Use for wudū/ghusl? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Pure & purifying | طَهُور ṭahūr | Natural; OK even if algae/soil/time change it | ✅ Yes |
| 2 | Pure & purifying but makrūh | طَهُور مَكْرُوه ṭahūr makrūh | Sun-heated metal pot (mushammas), hot land, on the body | ✅ Yes (disliked) |
| 3 | Pure but NOT purifying | طَاهِر ṭāhir | Used water (mustaʿmal مُسْتَعْمَل); tea / mixed water | ❌ No (clean to drink) |
| 4 | Impure (najis) | نَجِس najis | <2 qullah: impure on contact · ≥2 qullah: only if colour/taste/smell change | ❌ No |
Two qullahs ≈ 192.857 kg (~500 Baghdad raṭls). Below it = "small water".
Utensils — the silver-binding cases
| Vessel / binding | Ruling |
|---|---|
| Gold or silver vessel — any use | Forbidden (men & women), except necessity. Keeping them is forbidden too. |
| Bound with gold — small or large | Forbidden |
| Bound with silver — small, not decoration | Permissible |
| Bound with silver — large, only decoration | Forbidden |
| Bound with silver — large for necessity, OR small for decoration | Makrūh |
| Diamond / pearl / coral | Permissible |
| Non-Muslims' utensils | Permissible — washing first is recommended, not required |
Extra exam facts (from the lectures)
| Point | Recall |
|---|---|
| Purification & faith | الطُّهُورُ شَطْرُ الْإِيمَان — "purification is half of faith" |
| 5 sunan al-fiṭrah | Circumcision · pubic hair · underarm hair · nails · moustache (Bukhārī & Muslim) |
| Purity = 3 acts × 3 places | wuḍūʾ / ghusl / removing najāsah — over body / garment / prayer-place |
| Sun-heated (mushammas) | Makrūh only: small amount in a metal vessel · large pool/pond = not makrūh |
| Dog najāsah (mughallaẓah) | 7 washes, one with earth/soil (Shāfiʿī extends to pig; Nawawī: pig = ordinary najis) |
| Prayer conditions (sharṭ) | Qiblah · purity (wuḍūʾ) · cover the ʿawrah · being a Muslim |
| Ḥajj: ʿArafah vs mīqāt | Wuqūf at ʿArafah = farḍ (miss → invalid) · iḥrām at mīqāt = wājib (miss → dam) |
Lesson 2 — Istinja & wudu listsopen lesson →
Keep the three wudū lists in separate columns in your head — the paper loves "classify this act".
Istinja — do's & don'ts
| Use ✅ | Never use ❌ |
|---|---|
| Water (best); stone then water | Anything impure (dung = rijs) |
| Dry stones/tissue, ≥ 3, odd number | Edible food / bones & dung (jinn-food) |
| Tanned skin, ḥalāl-animal hair (pure) | Honoured things; animal/human parts |
Toilet: left foot in, right foot out · don't face/turn back to qiblah (except a proper toilet) · clean with the left hand.
Wudū — three lists side by side
| 6 Farḍ | Key Sunan | 5 Nullifiers |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Niyyah | Bismillāh; siwāk | 1. Exit from front/back passage |
| 2. Wash face | Wash hands 3× before | 2. Sleep not firmly seated |
| 3. Hands + elbows | Madmaḍah & istinshāq | 3. Loss of consciousness |
| 4. Wipe part of head | Wipe whole head; ears | 4. Touch non-maḥram skin (Shāfiʿī) |
| 5. Feet + ankles | Tathlīth (3×); start right | 5. Touch private parts (palm, no barrier) |
| 6. Tartīb (order) | Muwālāh; shahādah after |
Touching the wife — madhhab grid
| School | Ruling |
|---|---|
| Shāfiʿī | Breaks wudū — even without desire (adopted by Dār al-Iftāʾ) |
| Ḥanafī | Never breaks wudū — with or without desire |
| Mālikī & Ḥanbalī | Breaks wudū only with desire |
Extra exam facts (from the lectures)
| Point | Recall |
|---|---|
| 2 kinds of najāsah | ʿayniyyah (visible substance) vs ḥukmiyyah (ruling only, e.g. dried urine) · 3 signs = colour, taste, smell |
| 3 grades of najāsah | Light = milk-fed boy's urine → sprinkle · Moderate = wash till trace gone · Heavy = dog → 7 washes, 1 with earth |
| Discharges | manī = pure (Shāfiʿī, scrape if dry) · madhī & wadī = impure (wash; madhī also breaks wudū) |
| Maʿfūw (pardoned) | Tiny indiscernible amounts · small blood / fly · street-mud · blood in meat — flowing blood (dam masfūḥ) stays impure |
| Niyyah detail | Place = the heart (aloud = mustaḥabb) · two aspects: the act & its purpose · wording = rafʿ al-ḥadath al-aṣghar |
| Barriers to water | Ring / paint / sealant block water → wudū invalid · henna colour is fine · any missed dry spot must be redone |
| Takhlīl threshold | Between fingers/toes: sunnah if water reaches anyway, wājib if it wouldn't reach |
| Ears — fresh water | Course: take fresh water for the ears, separate from the head (Ibn Zayd, al-Ḥākim). Video's Shāfiʿī telling = same head-water |
| Post-wudū duʿāʾ reward | Opens the 8 gates of Paradise (فُتِحَتْ لَهُ أَبْوَابُ الْجَنَّةِ الثَّمَانِيَة) |
| Own private part (4 views) | Ṭalq: "just a part of you" → no wudū · Busrah: "let him do wudū" · Shāfiʿī rājiḥ: breaks if inner palm, no barrier |
| 3 acts needing wudū | Ṣalāh · ṭawāf · touching the muṣḥaf (ḥāʾiḍ/junub may recite silently, not touch) |
Lesson 3 — Khuffayn, bandages & ghuslopen lesson →
Numbers first — examiners love "how long?" and "from when?".
Khuffayn at a glance
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Resident duration | 1 day & night = 24 h |
| Traveller duration | 3 days & nights = 72 h |
| Period starts | At the first ḥadath after putting them on |
| Resident → traveller | Only 24 h |
| Traveller → resident | Complete as resident (24 h) |
| Obligatory wipe | Any part of the upper surface |
| 5 conditions | 3 invalidators |
|---|---|
| Worn after complete wudū | Removing the khuffayn |
| Cover up to + incl. the ankles | Expiry of the period |
| Prevent water reaching feet | Anything requiring ghusl (janābah) |
| Durable for walking | |
| Pure (ṭāhir) |
Bandage / splint rules
| Case | Rule |
|---|---|
| Bandage / splint needed | Wash the healthy parts → wipe the whole bandage → tayammum for the injured part |
| Time limit | None — wipe until the excuse (wound) ends, then wash |
| Repeat the prayer (qaḍāʾ) if | Placed without purity · on a tayammum organ (face / hands) · covers excess healthy skin |
Ghusl
| 4 causes of obligatory ghusl | 2 causes of janābah | 5 forbidden in janābah |
|---|---|---|
| Janābah | Emission of semen | Prayer |
| Ḥayḍ (menstruation) | Intercourse (even w/o emission) | Staying in the mosque (passing OK) |
| Nifās (childbirth) | Ṭawāf | |
| Death | Reciting Qurʾān | |
| Touching / carrying the muṣḥaf |
Extra exam facts (from the lectures)
| Point | Recall |
|---|---|
| Khuffayn evidence | Jarīr al-Bajalī (wiped without washing feet) · Mughīrah: "I put them on while pure" · durations in Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim (Shurayḥ → ʿAlī) |
| Purity of the khuff | Hide usable only after tanning (dibāgh) — but dog & pig hide never, even tanned |
| Sunnah wipe technique | Spread fingers in lines (khuṭūṭ), top of foot toward the heel; underside alone is invalid |
| Remove khuff while pure vs not | Removed in wuḍūʾ → just wash feet · removed after wuḍūʾ broke → fresh wuḍūʾ |
| Socks fatwās | Strict: Shāfiʿī (al-Majmūʿ) & Dār al-Iftāʾ Jordan · Lenient: Dār al-Iftāʾ Egypt, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Ḥazm — concession for need, not laxity |
| Bandage = Jābir hadith | "The cure for ignorance is to ask" (Abū Dāwūd); tie cloth → wipe over it → wash the rest |
| Tayammum for wounds | One per wounded wash-station; tayammum limbs = face & hands; one tayammum per farḍ prayer (Shāfiʿī: doesn't carry over) |
| Concession principle | Belongs to genuine ḍarūrah, not self-made shortcuts; bandage has no time limit, ruling tracks the whole dressing |
| janābah meaning | Linguistically = distance / separation (Qaṣaṣ 28:11) |
| iksāl & abrogation | iksāl = intercourse w/o emission · early "al-māʾ mina-l-māʾ" abrogated → "four parts meet, even without emission" → ghusl due |
| Forbidden "reciting" | = moving the tongue audibly · allowed: silent heart-review & Qurʾānic words as duʿāʾ; muṣḥaf among belongings may be carried · dalīl an-Nisāʾ 4:43 |
Lesson 4 — Hayd & special rulingsopen lesson →
Lock the ḥayḍ numbers first — every one is a one-mark gift on the paper.
Ḥayḍ numbers
| Measure | Value |
|---|---|
| Minimum ḥayḍ | 1 day & night |
| Maximum ḥayḍ | 15 days & nights |
| Usual ḥayḍ | 6 or 7 days |
| Minimum purity (ṭuhr) between cycles | 15 days |
| Maximum purity | No limit |
| Puberty by age (if no other sign) | 15 lunar years (earliest signs after 9) |
Ḥayḍ vs Istiḥāḍah vs Nifās
| Ḥayḍ | Istiḥāḍah | Nifās | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nature | Monthly natural | Illness (a vein) | Childbirth |
| Requires ghusl? | Yes | No | Yes |
| Stops prayer/fasting? | Yes | No — wudū each prayer | Yes |
| Tell apart by | Colour & intensity (ḥayḍ = dark, thick); <1 day or >15 days = istiḥāḍah | ||
Forbidden in Ḥayḍ & the make-up rule
- Prayer — not made up. · Fasting — must be made up.
- Reciting / touching / carrying the muṣḥaf.
- Staying in the mosque (passing through OK). · Ṭawāf.
- Intercourse & contact between the navel and the knees.
Handout rulings
| Ruling | Bottom line |
|---|---|
| Cat hair | Majority (Ḥanafī/Mālikī/Ḥanbalī): pure always · Shāfiʿī: impure if detached while alive · preferred = pure |
| Covering head in toilet | No authentic hadith; recommended adab (mustaḥabb) per some scholars; not obligatory |
Extra exam facts (from the lectures)
| Point | Recall |
|---|---|
| Intermittent ḥayḍ | The 24h minimum may be tallied (not continuous) across up to 5 days |
| Stop-test | Clean cloth/swab — any trace of colour = continues; no trace = ghusl & resume |
| Muʿtādah (regular woman) | Follows her known habit, capped at the 15-day ceiling; beyond = istiḥāḍah |
| Qurʾān daleel | قُلْ هُوَ أَذًى فَاعْتَزِلُوا النِّسَاءَ — al-Baqarah 2:222 ("purify themselves" = ghusl) |
| Why ~9 lunar years | Fixed by istiqrāʾ (inductive research); durations via ijmāʿ + qiyās + istiqrāʾ, not an explicit hadith |
| Cat-hair maxim (Shāfiʿī) | مَا أُبِينَ مِنْ حَيٍّ فَهُوَ مَيِّتٌ — severed from the living = carrion; daleel مَا قُطِعَ مِنَ الْبَهِيمَةِ وَهِيَ حَيَّةٌ فَهُوَ مَيِّتَةٌ |
| Cat hadith | إِنَّهَا مِنَ الطَّوَّافِينَ عَلَيْكُمْ — via Kabshah bint Kaʿb / Abū Qatādah |
| Head-covering = athar | Marfūʿ is mursal/weak (al-Bayhaqī); rests on Abū Bakr's athar (al-Bayhaqī, Ibn Abī Shaybah, Ibn Ṭāwūs) → mustaḥabb, not wājib; Ibn ʿUthaymīn agrees |